2015 - Malaysia's 10 Richest Men

How Google’s Networking Infrastructure Has Evolved Over The Last 10 Years

 

Google today announced that it wants to fix your home Wi-Fi, but internally, it has long been working on far more complex networking issues. To connect the hundreds of thousands of machines that make up a Google data center, you can’t just use a few basic routers and switches. So to manage all the data flowing between its servers, Google has been building its own hardware and software, and today, it’s pulling back the curtain and giving us a look behind the evolution of its networking infrastructure.

Google’s current setup, the so-called Jupiter network, has 100x more capacity than its first-gen network and can deliver a stunning 1 petabit/sec of total bisection bandwidth. The company says this kind of speed allows 100,000 servers to read all of the scanned data in the Library of Congress in less than a tenth of a second.

“Such network performance has been tremendously empowering for Google services,” Google Fellow Amin Vahdat writes today. “Engineers were liberated from optimizing their code for various levels of bandwidth hierarchy. For example, initially there were painful tradeoffs with careful data locality and placement of servers connected to the same top of rack switch versus correlated failures caused by a single switch failure.”

Ten years ago, however, Google didn’t have anywhere near this capacity. This was before it had acquired YouTube and shortly after it launched products like Gmail, Google Earth and Google Maps, so the company’s needs were likely changing very quickly.

Here is what those early 2005 machines looked like:

As Google writes in a paper today, the company basically still deployed standard server clusters in 2004, and these 2005 machines are the first example of the networking it deployed in its Firehose 1.0 data center architecture. The goal of the 2005 machines was to achieve 1 Gbps of bisection bandwidth between 10,000 servers. To get there, Google tried to integrate the switching fabric right onto its homebuilt servers, but it turns out that “the uptime of servers was less than ideal.”

With Firehose 1.1, Google then deployed its first custom data-center cluster fabric. “We had learned from FH1.0 to not use regular servers to house switch chips,” the company’s engineers write. Instead, Google built custom enclosures and moved to a so-called Clos architecture for its data center networks.

By 2008, Firehose 1.1 had evolved into WatchTower, which moved to using 10G fiber instead of traditional networking cables. Google rolled this version out to all of its data centers around the globe.

Here is what those racks looked like:

A year later, WatchTower then morphed into Saturn. While the WatchTower fabric could scale to 87 Tbps, Saturn scaled up to 207 Tbps on denser racks.

Saturn clearly served Google well, because the company stuck with it for three years before its needs outstripped Saturn’s capabilities.

“As bandwidth requirements per server continued to grow, so did the need for uniform bandwidth across all clusters in the data center. With the advent of dense 40G capable merchant silicon, we could consider expanding our Clos fabric across the entire data center subsuming the inter-cluster networking layer,” Google’s engineers write.

It’s that kind of architecture that now allows Google to treat a single data center as one giant computer, with software handling the distribution of the compute and storage resources available on all of the different servers on the network.

The Jupiter hardware sure looks different from Google’s earliest attempts at building its custom networking gear, but in many ways, it’s also the fact that the company quickly adopted Software Defined Networking that allowed it to quickly innovate.

Google today released four papers that details various aspects of its networking setup. Because Google tends to hit the limits of traditional hardware and software architectures long before others, similar papers have often spawned a new round of innovation outside of the company, too.

It’s unlikely that all that many startups need to build their own data centers, but other data center operators will surely study these papers in detail and maybe implement similar solutions over time (which in turn will benefit their users, too, of course).

Selamat Menyambut Hari Kebangsaan

Asean Average Height

Luahan Seorang Bapa

 

Sebuah teksi berhenti dibelakang kereta isteri saya yg menghantar saya untuk rawatan. Driver teksi keluar mengambil wheel chair kerana orang tua yg dibawanya tak berupaya berjalan.

Saya tolong menyorong ke dalam dan duduk disebelahnya. "Saya tengok Tn Hj selalu dihantar oleh teksi,tak ada anak ka? Soal saya memula bicara.

"Isteri dah meninggal. Anak dah kerja dan dah kahwin, tinggal berasing. Saya tak mahu suruh anak hantar kerana saya takut mereka berdosa kerana menolak, memberi alasan, atau menghantar dgn macam2 perasaan. Biarlah saya upah teksi."
Dia diam sejenak. Saya dah bersedia mendengar luahan hatinya.
"Sekarang saya sedar, kita bela anak untuk menyenangkan hidupnya. Jangan mengharap untuk menyenangkan hidup kita."
Dia mula mengesat air mata. "Dosa berkata uuh! pun sudah cukup besar pd seorang anak, inikan mula menolak, memberi alasan dan bermuka masam bila diminta sesuatu. Biarlah, saya anggap saya sudah menamatkan tugas memelihara mereka. Biarlah mereka merenangi hidup tanpa diganggu.
"Allahuakbar!. Saya pula yg menitis air mata..
Kata-katanya benar benar meredupkan hati saya. Bukan tak pernah menolak permintaan ayah, bukan tak pernah memberi alasan utk tidak menunai permintaan nya, bukan tak pernah bermasam muka dgnya.
Ya Allah. Orang tua ini bukan sahaja berjaya menunai tanggung jawabnya, tetapi melakukan lebih lagi dgn mengelak anak anak terjerumus dosa.
Ayah dan emak siapa juga, akan mengorbankan seluruh kudrat yg ada demi kesejahteraan anak, yg lahir bukan atas paksaan tetapi naluri yg tuhan jadikan.
Jauh disudut hati mereka mengharap anak anak tempat bergantung dihari tua. Tetapi bagai dikata oleh orang tua yg saya temui, akhirnya bila zaman berubah, banyak anak yg terlupa, yg teralpa bila sibuk mengejar dunia, ada anak yg hilang pertimbangan antara bapa yg telah tak berupaya serta membebankan dgn dunia yg perlu dihambat!
Bapa yg baik akan meneruskan pengorbanannya seperti orang tua yg saya ceritakan, sehingga akhir hayatnya.
Berhentilah memberi alasan kpd ibu dan bapamu kerana mereka tak pernah memberi alasan utk memenuhi permintaan mu kecuali bila mereka benar-benar tidak berupaya!!
Alfatihah kepada ibubapa kita samada yg masih hidup atau telah meninggal dunia.

Resepi Tomyam Campur

Blend
1. Tomato sebijik
2. Lada merah sebijik
3. Bawang putih 2 ulas
4. Bawang besar separuh

Hiris
1. Bawang besar 1 bijik
2. Bawang putih 2 ulas

Ketuk
1. Halia 1cm
2. Cili 3 bijik
3. Serai 2 batang

Potong2
1. Sayur2 campur2
2. Tomato belah 4
3. Ayam,seafood size ikut citarasa masing2

Cara Membuatnya:

Tumis bahan hiris
Masukkan ayam
Masukkan Seafood
Masukan bahan blend
Masukkan pes tomyam
Masukkan bhn ketuk
Gaul2 bio didih
Masukkan sayur2
Masukkan 3 helai daun limau purut
Garam
Gula

Doa Untuk Membuka

 

*) Hati yang tertutup untuk melakukan amal soleh & amal jariah.

*) Hati yang tertutup untuk menerima nasihat.
*) Pintu rezeki yang dirasakan seperti tertutup.
*) Minda @ akal yang dirasakan seperti tertutup.
*) Hati yang tertutup utk berkahwin.

Surah al Fath
[1] Sesungguhnya Kami telah membuka bagi perjuanganmu (wahai Muhammad) satu jalan kemenangan yang jelas nyata,
[2] Kemenangan yang dengan sebabnya Allah mengampunkan salah dan silapmu yang telah lalu dan yang terkemudian, dan menyempurnakan nikmatNya kepadamu, serta menambahkanmu hidayah ke jalan yang lurus (dalam mengembangkan Islam dan melaksanakan hukum-hukumnya).
[3] Dan dengan sebabnya Allah memberikanmu pertolongan (untuk mencapai kejayaan) dengan sepunuh-penuh dan sehandal-handal pertolongan (yang tidak ada bandingannya).
[4] (Tuhan yang membuka jalan kemenangan itu) Dia lah yang menurunkan semangat tenang tenteram ke dalam hati orang-orang yang beriman (semasa mereka meradang terhadap angkara musuh) supaya mereka bertambah iman dan yakin beserta dengan iman dan keyakinan mereka yang sedia ada; pada hal Allah menguasai tentera langit dan bumi (untuk menolong mereka); dan Allah adalah Maha Mengetahui, lagi Maha Bijaksana.
[5] (Allah melakukan yang demikian) supaya ia memasukkan orang-orang yang beriman – lelaki dan perempuan – ke dalam Syurga yang mengalir di bawahnya beberapa sungai; dengan keadaan kekal mereka di dalamnya, serta menghapuskan dosa-dosa mereka; dan adalah yang demikian itu pada sisi Allah merupakan kejayaan yang besar (untuk mereka)